Agreement of the verb with the subject and The Articles

#             AGREEMENT OF THE VERB WITH THE SUBJECT

Ø  Two subjects joined by ‘and’ denoting two different subjects (i.e. each subject beginning with an article) take plural verb but two subjects joined by ‘and’ denoting the same person (i.e. having only one article in the sentence) take singular verb.

Ø  Subject preceded by each, every, either, neither, apiece of, the quality of takes a singular verb.

Ø  Verb agrees with the subject after ‘or’ or ‘nor’, if any. And if two subjects of different number (i.e. singular or plural) have to be joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ then plural subject must be placed after ‘or’ or ‘nor’.

Ø  Number of subject is not affected by the words: with, together with, in addition to, as well as, and the verb agrees according to the no of subject (i.e. singular or plural) mentioned.

ARTICLES:

An article (abbreviated art) is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the, a, and an. (Some can in certain circumstances function as a plural of a/an.)

Ø  ‘A’ is used before a singular common noun or collective noun beginning with a consonant sound.

Ø  ‘An’ is used before a singular common noun or collective noun beginning with a vowel sound.

Ø  ‘The’ is used before a definite countable noun and before those things or group of things which are unique or unique of its kind such as the sun, the earth, The Alps, The Taj Mahal, etc. It is also used before the things of invention, musical instruments, superlatives, parts of body, ordinals, newspapers, date, title/post, seasons, religious books. It is basically used to particularize a common noun.

Ø  ‘the’ is also used before the proper names which give a particular meaning(e.g., the Punjab, the Saptakoshi) or before country names composed of either more than one common nouns(e.g. The USA, The UK) or if they seem plural i.e. end with ‘s’ ( e.g. The Netherlands)

Ø  In general, article is not used before proper noun, abstract noun and material noun. If ‘the’ is used before proper noun, it becomes common noun.

Ø  ‘The’ article is omitted before a common noun used in its widest sense (e.g. man is mortal), before languages and before school, college, church, bed, table, hospital, market, prison, etc when these places are visited or used for their primary purpose unless they are particularized.      

Concept: Verb

1.   Verb:
       A verb says what a person or thing does, and can describe.  E.g.
       an action – run, hit,                                  a state – be, have, seem, appear,
       an event – rain, happen,                           a change – become, grow

1.1. Transitive and intransitive verb:
        That verb which takes (an) objective(s) is transitive verb and that which does not take any object is
         intransitive verb. E.g. –
        * Transitive verb – play, read, write, drive,
        * Intransitive – weep, cry, sleep, laugh,

1.2. Auxiliary (verb):
          An auxiliary is a verb, used to form the tenses, moods, voices, etc of other verbs. There are two
          types of auxiliaries which are as follows:    

 a) Primary Auxiliary –
               That auxiliary which can be used as full verb or main verb is primary auxiliary. Primary auxiliary
               are as follows :
                i. Do – do, did, done, doing ,does
                ii. Have – have, had, having, has
                iii. Be – is, am, are, was, were, been, being, be

b)  Modal Auxiliary –
                Modal auxiliary also known as helping verb helps the main verb in forming the moods and
               tenses, Except for dare and need, Modal auxiliary can not be used independently in a sentence.
                The following are the modal auxiliaries with functions mentioned –

                #  Ability/possibility/permission – can, could, may, might
                #  Obligation – Have(got) to, must, need (in negative and question)
                #  Assumptions and deductions – will, should, can must
                #  Future tense, and offers & suggestions – shall, will
                #  Moral Obligation, desirability, advice and criticism – ought to, should
                #  Requests – can, could, will, would

• Dare (be brave enough to) is mainly used in negative and question.

1.3. Verbs: Forms and number

V₁ (infinitive) is used to form present tense in plural number, and used in future tense in both singular and plural number. E.g.-eat, read
V₂ (past tense) is used as simple past tense in all numbers. E.g.-ate, read
V₃ (past participle) is used as perfect tense in all numbers. E.g.-eaten, read
V₄ (present participle) is used as gerund or progressive/continuous tenses in all number. E.g.-eating, reading
V₅ (present singular) is used as simple present in singular form. E.g.-eats, reads

#     AUXILIARY AND NUMBER:

                                                                                Singular                                               Plural

Present                                                                 is/has/does                                        are/have/do

Past                                                                      was/had/did                                      were/had/did

Future                                                                   be/been/do/have                             be/been/do/have

#             TENSES & ASPECTS

• Simple present is used with habitual fact, profession, universal truth and scientific experiments.
• Always, never, usually, generally, normally, as a rule, everyday, sometimes, from, time to time, now and again always takes simple present.
• Present perfect tense is always used with since, for, already, yet, just.
• Intention, programme, and agreement takes present continuous.
• Future tense is used with next, coming, the following, I think.
• Two sentences having simple in one and perfect tense in other; simple tense is always used with following activity and perfect tense with the preceding activities.

                                                 4.4.              TENSE

	Present	Past	Future
Simple(no primary auxiliaries)	V1/V5	V2	Shall/will + V1
Continuous( be + ing)	Is/am/are + V4	Was/were + V4	Shall/will + be +V4
Perfect (has/have/had + V3)	Has/have + V3	Had + V3	Shall/will + have + V­3
Perfect continuous [has/have/had +V3(been)+ing]	Has/have + been + V4	Had + been + V4	Shall/will + have +been +V4

Note:

·         do/does/did in any form (affirmative or negative) takes V₁ with it

·         has/have/had in  any form (affirmative or negative) is always immediately followed by  V₃ (i.e. has/have/had + V₃)

·         ‘You’ is always used with plural verb

·         ‘am’ auxiliary is used only in present tense and only with the subject ‘I’.

4.5.         Mood:

Mood is mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented. There are
there are three different types of moods in English. They are

i.                     Indicative mood – used to
a.   make a statement of fact. E.g. he writes legibly
b.   ask a question. E.g. are you well ?

ii.                   Imperative mood – which is used to express
a.   A command. E.g. come here.
b.   an exhortation. E.g. take care of your health
c.   an entreaty or prayer. E.g. have mercy upon us.

iii.                  Subjunctive mood – which expresses
a.   a wish or hope. E.g. heaven help us!
b.   desire, intention, resolution, etc. E.g. as it is suggested that.

The Basics of Grammar(Parts of speech)

1. Parts of Speech

A.      Noun

B.      Pronoun

C.      Adjective

D.      Verb

E.       Adverb

F.       Preposition

G.     Conjunction

H.      Interjection

  

A)  Noun:
      A noun Is the name of anything in particular or in general. Different kinds of nouns with e.g. are as  
      follows –

        I.            Proper noun – Ganesh, New York, Egypt, Titanic

      II.            Common Noun – police, cat, pen, house

    III.            Abstract Noun – kindness, truth, sleep, death

    IV.            Collective Noun – crowd, army jury, fleet

      V.            Material Noun – gold, oil, water, milk

B)  Pronoun:
      A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun or a noun phrase. Different kinds of pronoun with  
      examples are as follows –

        I.            Personal pronoun – I, me, he she it they

      II.            Reflexing or emphasizing pronoun – myself, yourself, herself, itself

    III.            Relative pronoun – who, which, that, as

    IV.            Demonstrative pronoun – this, that, so, such, the former, the latter

      V.            Interrogative pronoun – who, which, what

    VI.            Indefinite pronoun – some, any one, they all, whole, something

  VII.            Distributive pronoun – each, either, every, neither

VIII.            Reciprocal pronoun – each other, one another

C)  Adjective:
     An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. Different kinds of adjectives with examples
     are as follows –

        I.            Descriptive adjective or adjective of quality – large, honest, foolish, English (language), French (wine), Turkish (Tobacco)

      II.            Adjectives of quantity – some, much, little, enough, all, any, sufficient

    III.            Adjective of number – thirteen, few, no, many, first, several, all

    IV.            Demonstrative adjective – this, that, these, those, such

      V.            Interrogative adjective – what, which, whose

    VI.            Possessive adjective – my, your, his, her, their

D)  Verb:
       A verb says what a person or thing does, and can describe.  E.g.
       an action – run, hit,                                  a state – be, have, seem, appear,
       an event – rain, happen,                       a change – become, grow

E)  Adverb:
      An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Following
      are the kinds of adverbs with examples

1. Adverbs of time (when) – now, before, late(ly), daily, already, yesterday
2. Adverbs of frequency (how often) – twice, often, again, frequently, seldom, always
3. Adverbs of place (where) – here, there, up, in, within, away, out, backward
4. Adverbs of manner (how/in what manner) – well, hard, thus, clearly, ………..ly,
5. Adverbs of degree/quantity (what degree/extent) – too, almost, fully, very, enough, rather, partly
6. Adverbs of affirmation or negation – surely, certainly, yes, no, not
7. Adverbs of reason – hence, therefore, why(for what reason)

F)  Preposition:
      A preposition is a word that shows position and direction of a noun or pronoun. Simple prepositions
      are as follows - 

A	At	By	Off	Throughout
About	Before	Despite	Over	Under
Above	Behind	Down	Round	Until
After	Beneath	For	Since	Up
Against	Beside	From	Past	Upon
Along	Besides	In(to)	Than	Unto
Amid(st)	Between	Inside	Till	With
Around	Beyond	On(to)	Toward(s)	within
Among(st)	But	Of	Through	without

G)  Conjunction:
       A conjunction is a word which joins words or sentences. E.g. – and, but, for, or, nor, either……or,
       neither…….nor, otherwise.

1. Conjunction of time – come when you like.
2. Conjunction of cause – Tell me why you are late.
3. Conjunction of manner – Tell me how you did it.
4. Conjunction of place – We found him where we had left him.

H)  Interjection:
      An Interjection is a word which shows exclamation (feelings and emotions). E.g. – Hurrah!, Oh!, Ah!,
      Alas!, Ho!, Hello!, Bravo!, Welcome!

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