1. Verb:
A verb says what a person or thing does, and can describe. E.g.
an action – run, hit, a state – be, have, seem, appear,
an event – rain, happen, a change – become, grow
A verb says what a person or thing does, and can describe. E.g.
an action – run, hit, a state – be, have, seem, appear,
an event – rain, happen, a change – become, grow
1.1. Transitive and intransitive verb:
That verb which takes (an) objective(s) is transitive verb and that which does not take any object is
intransitive verb. E.g. –
* Transitive verb – play, read, write, drive,
* Intransitive – weep, cry, sleep, laugh,
That verb which takes (an) objective(s) is transitive verb and that which does not take any object is
intransitive verb. E.g. –
* Transitive verb – play, read, write, drive,
* Intransitive – weep, cry, sleep, laugh,
1.2. Auxiliary (verb):
An auxiliary is a verb, used to form the tenses, moods, voices, etc of other verbs. There are two
types of auxiliaries which are as follows:
An auxiliary is a verb, used to form the tenses, moods, voices, etc of other verbs. There are two
types of auxiliaries which are as follows:
a) Primary Auxiliary –
That auxiliary which can be used as full verb or main verb is primary auxiliary. Primary auxiliary
are as follows :
i. Do – do, did, done, doing ,does
ii. Have – have, had, having, has
iii. Be – is, am, are, was, were, been, being, be
That auxiliary which can be used as full verb or main verb is primary auxiliary. Primary auxiliary
are as follows :
i. Do – do, did, done, doing ,does
ii. Have – have, had, having, has
iii. Be – is, am, are, was, were, been, being, be
b) Modal Auxiliary –
Modal auxiliary also known as helping verb helps the main verb in forming the moods and
tenses, Except for dare and need, Modal auxiliary can not be used independently in a sentence.
The following are the modal auxiliaries with functions mentioned –
Modal auxiliary also known as helping verb helps the main verb in forming the moods and
tenses, Except for dare and need, Modal auxiliary can not be used independently in a sentence.
The following are the modal auxiliaries with functions mentioned –
# Ability/possibility/permission – can, could, may, might
# Obligation – Have(got) to, must, need (in negative and question)
# Assumptions and deductions – will, should, can must
# Future tense, and offers & suggestions – shall, will
# Moral Obligation, desirability, advice and criticism – ought to, should
# Requests – can, could, will, would
# Obligation – Have(got) to, must, need (in negative and question)
# Assumptions and deductions – will, should, can must
# Future tense, and offers & suggestions – shall, will
# Moral Obligation, desirability, advice and criticism – ought to, should
# Requests – can, could, will, would
- Dare (be brave enough to) is mainly used in negative and question.
1.3. Verbs: Forms and number
V1 (infinitive) is used to form present tense in plural number, and used in future tense in both singular and plural number. E.g.-eat, read
V2 (past tense) is used as simple past tense in all numbers. E.g.-ate, read
V3 (past participle) is used as perfect tense in all numbers. E.g.-eaten, read
V4 (present participle) is used as gerund or progressive/continuous tenses in all number. E.g.-eating, reading
V5 (present singular) is used as simple present in singular form. E.g.-eats, reads
V2 (past tense) is used as simple past tense in all numbers. E.g.-ate, read
V3 (past participle) is used as perfect tense in all numbers. E.g.-eaten, read
V4 (present participle) is used as gerund or progressive/continuous tenses in all number. E.g.-eating, reading
V5 (present singular) is used as simple present in singular form. E.g.-eats, reads
# AUXILIARY AND NUMBER:
Singular Plural
Present is/has/does are/have/do
Past was/had/did were/had/did
Future be/been/do/have be/been/do/have
# TENSES & ASPECTS
- Simple present is used with habitual fact, profession, universal truth and scientific experiments.
- Always, never, usually, generally, normally, as a rule, everyday, sometimes, from, time to time, now and again always takes simple present.
- Present perfect tense is always used with since, for, already, yet, just.
- Intention, programme, and agreement takes present continuous.
- Future tense is used with next, coming, the following, I think.
- Two sentences having simple in one and perfect tense in other; simple tense is always used with following activity and perfect tense with the preceding activities.
4.4. TENSE
| | Present | Past | Future |
| Simple(no primary auxiliaries) | V1/V5 | V2 | Shall/will + V1 |
| Continuous( be + ing) | Is/am/are + V4 | Was/were + V4 | Shall/will + be +V4 |
| Perfect (has/have/had + V3) | Has/have + V3 | Had + V3 | Shall/will + have + V3 |
| Perfect continuous [has/have/had +V3(been)+ing] | Has/have + been + V4 | Had + been + V4 | Shall/will + have +been +V4 |
Note:
· do/does/did in any form (affirmative or negative) takes V1 with it
· has/have/had in any form (affirmative or negative) is always immediately followed by V3 (i.e. has/have/had + V3)
· ‘You’ is always used with plural verb
· ‘am’ auxiliary is used only in present tense and only with the subject ‘I’.
4.5. Mood:
Mood is mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented. There are
there are three different types of moods in English. They are
there are three different types of moods in English. They are
i. Indicative mood – used to
a. make a statement of fact. E.g. he writes legibly
b. ask a question. E.g. are you well ?
a. make a statement of fact. E.g. he writes legibly
b. ask a question. E.g. are you well ?
ii. Imperative mood – which is used to express
a. A command. E.g. come here.
b. an exhortation. E.g. take care of your health
c. an entreaty or prayer. E.g. have mercy upon us.
a. A command. E.g. come here.
b. an exhortation. E.g. take care of your health
c. an entreaty or prayer. E.g. have mercy upon us.
iii. Subjunctive mood – which expresses
a. a wish or hope. E.g. heaven help us!
b. desire, intention, resolution, etc. E.g. as it is suggested that.
a. a wish or hope. E.g. heaven help us!
b. desire, intention, resolution, etc. E.g. as it is suggested that.
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